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Claude Steele
Claude Mason Steele (born January 1, 1946) is an American social psychologist and currently the executive vice chancellor and provost at the University of California, Berkeley.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Office of the Provost, U.C. Berkeley )〕 Steele previously was the I. James Quillen Dean at the Stanford Graduate School of Education,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Stanford University School of Education )〕 as well as professor emeritus in psychology at Stanford.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Department of Psychology, Stanford University )〕 Previously, he served as the twenty-first provost of Columbia University for two years, and before that, as a professor of psychology at various institutions for almost forty years. He is best known for his work on stereotype threat and its application to minority student academic performance.〔Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. ‘’Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62’’(1), 26-37.〕 His earlier work dealt with research on the self (e.g., self-image, self-affirmation)〔Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M. (1993). Self-image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources. ‘’Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64,’’:885-896.〕〔Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), ‘’Advances in Experimental Social Psychology’’ (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.〕 as well as the role of self-regulation in addictive behaviors.〔Steele, C. M. & Josephs, R. A. (1990). Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects. ‘’American Psychologist, 45’’(8): 921-933.〕 In 2010, he released his book, ''Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us'', summarizing years of research on stereotype threat and the underperformance of minority students in higher education.〔Steele, C. M. (2010). ‘’Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us’’. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.〕
==Education and early life==
Steele was born on January 1, 1946, to parents Ruth (social worker) and Shelby (truck driver) just outside of Chicago in Phoenix, Illinois, during the Civil Rights movement. Claude recalls his African-American family〔Steele, C. (interviewee). (2004). Interview of Claude Steele (Audio Recording ). Retrieved from ''National Academy of Sciences'' Web site: http://nas.convio.net/site/PageServer?pagename=INTERVIEWS_Claude_M_Steele.〕 (including his twin brother, Shelby Steele and two other siblings) as being deeply interested in social issues and the civil rights movement, as these were very much on American minds at the time.〔(2003) Claude M. Steele: Award for distinguished senior career contributions to the public interest. ‘’American Psychologist, 58’’(11): 909-911.〕 Steele even remembers his father taking him and his brother to marches and rallies whenever possible.〔Strumolo, A. L. (1997). Shelby Steele. Contemporary Black Biography. Encyclopedia.com〕 His father pushed him to achieve security in the context of securing employment, but Claude construed achievement as success in education.〔 He enrolled at Hiram College in Hiram, Ohio, where he earned a B.A. in psychology in 1967.
At Hiram, Claude’s passion for reading novels naturally led to an interest in how the individual faces the social world.〔 After being fully immersed in the Civil Rights movement and the issues of racial equality, rights, and the nature of prejudice as a child, Steele formed a desire to study these topics in a scientific manner; and was especially keen to discover their effects on social relationships and quality of life.〔Krapp, K. M. (1999). Notable black American scientists. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Research.〕 Claude was inspired by African-American social psychologist Kenneth Clark’s TV appearance discussing the psychological implications of the 1964 race riots in Harlem, New York,〔 which led to an excitement for doing behavioral research. Claude conducted early experimental research at Hiram College in physiological psychology (looking at behavioral motives in Siamese fighting fish) and social psychology (studying how African-American dialect among kids maintains ethnic/racial identity),〔 where he worked under the mentorship of social psychologist, Ralph Cebulla. He then continued on to graduate school to study social psychology, earning an M.A. in 1969 and a Ph.D. in 1971 at Ohio State University, with a minor in statistical psychology. His dissertation work with faculty adviser Thomas Ostrom at Ohio State focused on attitude measurement and attitude change.
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